Dampak Liberalisasi Perdagangan Terhadap Daya Saing Beras Indonesia Di Pasar Domestik

Liberalisasi perdagangan menghendaki penghapusan bea masuk impor, keterbukaan pasar serta kesempatan usaha yang tanpa batas (borderless world). Pada kondisi ini akan berdampak negatif, terutama pada komoditi beras yang secara umum memiliki daya saing rendah, (Download dalam bentuk file, Click Here)karena inefisiensi usahataninya.Tujuan penelitian untuk mengetahui: (a) Tingkat

efisiensi penggunaan input di tingkat usahatani padi, (b) Daya saing komoditi padi di pasar domestik, (c) Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi penawaran dan permintaan beras di pasar domestik. (d) Permintaan dan penawaran beras di pasar domestik.
Daerah penelitian ditentukan secara sengaja (purpousive sampling) di Kabupaten Jember dan Lumajang, dengan pertimbangan bahwa lokasi tersebut sebagai sentra penghasil beras di Jawa Timur. Data sekunder diperoleh dari data nasional, sehingga tidak ditentukan daerah penelitian secara spesifik. Metode pengambilan populasi dan contoh dilakukan secara two stage cluster sampling. Dari jumlah desa di Kabupaten Jember dan Lumajang maka diperoleh primary sample unit masing-masing diperoleh 2 desa dengan total sampel yang diperlukan sebanyak 159 orang.

Hasil analisis dengan fungsi keuntungan pada model I menunjukkan bahwa fungsi permintaan input dari pupuk P tidak efisien dengan Prob > t (0.2854). Kondisi ini karena petani mengalokasikan pupuk P 20 kg per hektar sedangkan yang dianjurkan 45 kg per hektar. Hasil analisis nisbah Biaya Sumberdaya Domestik (BSD) diperoleh sebesar Rp. 3.552.20 atau di bawah harga bayangan (Rp.11.831,65) sehingga diperoleh nisbah Koefisien Biaya Sumberdaya Domestik (KBSDsosial) 0.3002. Hal ini berarti komoditi padi memiliki keunggulan komparatif, karena biaya untuk memproduksi padi di Indonesia hanya membutuhkan 30,02% dari biaya impor, sehingga pemenuhan beras dalam hal ini padi jika diusahakan dalam negeri akan mampu menghemat devisa negara sebesar 69,98% dari besarnya biaya impor yang diperlukan. Hasil analisis Biaya Sumberdaya Domestik (BSD aktual) diperoleh nisbah Biaya Sumberdaya Domestik (BSD) Rp. 4.351,47 dan Koefisien Biaya Sumberdaya Domestik (KBSD aktual) 0,4463. Dengan diperoleh KBSDaktual < 1, maka usahatani tanaman padi di daerah penelitian memiliki keunggulan kompetitif, karena dengan memproduksi padi di dalam negeri maka akan mampu menghemat devisa negara sebesar 55,37% dari seluruh biaya impor yang digunakan atau untuk menghasilkan nilai tambah 1 $ US maka diperlukan biaya input domestik sebesar Rp.4.348 berarti usahatani tersebut efisien secara finansial dalam pemanfaatan sumberdaya domestik. Kebijakan pemerintah yang dilakukan selama ini tidak mendukung daya saing komoditi padi yang ditunjukkan dengan nisbah Effective Protection Coefficient (EPC) 0,67 (pemerintah tidak melakukan proteksi terhadap petani) justru membebani biaya produksi padi 28% atau nisbah Subsidy Ratio to Producer (SRP) -0,28. Berdasar Sustainable Competitive Advantage (SCA) komoditi beras belum memiliki daya saing karena surplus permintaan dari penawaran beras hanya 0,6 juta ton, sedangkan untuk kepentingan stok membutuhkan 1,5 juta ton beras. Dengan demikian secara umum beras belum memiliki daya saing di pasar domestik.

Kata kunci: Efisiensi, Keunggulan Komparatif, Keunggulan Kompetitif, Kebijakan Pemerintah, Penawaran Dan Permintaan.

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The Analyse Farm Effort of Civet Coffee (Java Coffee Luwak Ijen)

Coffee represent one of the product which is very influence someone life style besides tea, almost all of coffee lover can feel and differentiate type coffee and feel coffee which with quality. Challenge to the fore tendency of market is existence emulation of product coffee so that affect at price sell which fluctuation. Garden strategy of Kayumas to overcome challenge and improve added value to coffee company that is creating product civet coffee more special with value sell very high.

Civet coffee is seed coffee result of dirt of fox animal or processed civet / ferment naturally, so that goal and aroma feel typical and delicious. Production civet coffee by the year of gyration 250 – 500 kg, at the price of civet coffee tendency of market gyrate USD 600/Lb or of Rp. 1.250.000,- /100 gram, equivalent with Rp. 12.500.0
In executing activity of analysis taken or population of sample among process civet coffee counted wet process bash can coffee is same volume, that is red glondong coffee 1418 Kg. Perception analysis with descriptive correlational method and data method as for result of analysis attained is that effort garden mongoose coffee at Kayumas very beneficial with sale value Rp. 414.000,- / Kg so that and advantage equal to Rp. 81.200.000,- compared to the effort arabica coffee only sale value Rp. 32.395 and earn advantage equal to Rp. 2.700.000,-.

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Soybean (Glycine max Merr.) Farm Management Feasibility as an Alternative Increase of Farmer Profit In East Java )*

Soybean is the important agricultural product for Indonesia people because its protein content. The domestic consumption of soybean tends to increase consistent with population growth. Meanwhile statistical data in last two decades show that its total productio tend to decrease, so that its total consumption cannot be achieved by its production himself. Beside, soybean is also needed as ration for livestosck. So that domestic demand of soybean tends to increase too in that last two decades.

Highly domestic soybean demand is hard relaying to its to its import. Increasing its production will decrease its import and its foreign exchange used. New technology used should be introduced to increase its production beside its farmer return.
Main objective of this study are: (1) to know production level and technology applied of farmer in the soybean farm management in the area study, (2) to know the feasibility of applying soybean farm management in the area study, and (3) to know factors affected to soybean production level in the area study.
This study carried out in East Java decided as study area focused on eight residences as the soybean production centre. Then two residences, i.e., Banyuwangi and Jember, decided as sample study area data collected from sample farmer use multi stage cluster sampling method.
Result of this study show that: (1) most farmers (96 percent) do not apply technology introducing to soybean farm management, (2) efficiency of soybean farm management is low relative based on it R/C ratio of 1.09, and (3) factors significantly affected to soybean production are land area, labor, fertilizer, and technology.

)* by Hendri Widotono, S.Pt.,MP. and Ir. M. Zainul Arifin, MP

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Analysis of The Competitiveness of The Madurese Tobacco in Sumenep Regency )*

The opportunity of agribusiness product especially tobacco is sufficiently open. Therefore, the highly competitiveness exist in its world market. In this situation, the successfully of tobacco agribusiness will be depend on its competitiveness. The competitiveness of the commodity can be determined by its comparative advantages and competitive advantages.

The main purpose of this research are (1) To analyze the profitability of Madurese tobacco on rice land, a dry land, and a mountain land, (2) To analyze the competitiveness of commodity based on its comparative advantages and competitive advantages, (3) To examine the impact of the government’s policy to the tobacco farming in Madura, and (4) To examine the competitiveness of commodity with respect to the price change of its production input.
The research is carried out in Sumenep regency as the centra of tobacco farming in Madura where its productivity trend to increase. Stratified Cluster Sampling has been used to determine the sample farmers. Policy Analysis Matrix (PAM) has been used to analyze the sample data.
Result of the analyzes shows that Madurese tobacco farming have private profit, i.e., Rp. 1,471,271.96, Rp. 1,782,294.67, and Rp. 6,795,065.63 per hectare mountain land, dry land and irrigated rice land respectively. But social profit only have been obtained by tobacco farming on dry land and irrigated rice land, i.e., Rp. 713,791.95 and Rp. 10,730,281.65 per hectare respectively. Tobacco farming on mountain land has negative social profit Rp. 513,923.49 per hectare. Turthermore, the comparative advantages of commodity produced from tobacco farming on dry land and irrigated rice land have been shown by its DRC of 0,9621 and 0,4684 respectively. Besides, its PCR are 0,9276 and 0,6308 respectively shows competitive advantages. Tobacco farming on mountain land has been shown by its DRC and PCR of 1,0290 and 0,6308 respectively. The government’s policy of input and output prices have positive impact for the tobacco farming on mountain land and the dry land, but it does not on irrigated rice land. Its competitiveness increase with respect to 5 % decrease of tradable input price and decrease with respect to 10 % and 30 % increase of tradable input price. The competitiveness of the commodity decrease with respect to 40 % increase of urea price. Likewise the increasing of tax is about 20 % cause increasing of its competitiveness.
)* Ika Fatmawati Pramasari, SP

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An Analysis of Financial Aspects and Factors Affecting Feedlot Industry Which Uses Fattened Beef Cattle System In The Bondowoso Regency )*

A successful operation of feedlot industry which is based on the fattened beef cattle (kereman) system is influenced by several factors. Therefore, the objective of this research is to identify the followings. (a) the feasibility of the feedlot industry using the fattened beef cattle system in terms of financial aspect, (b) a number of factors that affect the feedlot industry using the fattened beef cattle system; (c) the business trend of the feedlot industry for the last fifteen years; and (d) the sensitivity of cost structure in the feedlot industry.

In this research, sample is obtained by means of the Proportionate Stratified Multiple Stage Cluster Sampling method (Husein, 2001), that is (a) to select one village from the total population of village in the Bondowoso regency, (b) to select one hamlet/citizens association (RW) from the chosen village, (c) to determine the number of cattle raiser family respondent from the chosen hamlet Sample -1 and -2 are taken by using random sampling method, whereas sample -3 is obtained by means of Sampling Fraction per stratum method. The number of cattle raiser in the sub-district of Bondowoso is 214, and it is estimated that the number of the cattle raiser of the natural mating type is. 60% (128 raisers) and the number of the cattle raisers of the artificial insemination one is 40% (86 raisers). The required total sample is 70 cattle raisers, comprising local raisers amounting to 42 and raisers of the artificial insemination type amounting to 28.
In line with the results of the research and discussion, the conclusions are as follows: a). The feedlot industry which uses the fattened beef cattle system of both the artificial insemination and the natural mating variety is worth running/feasible. b) The change of breeding-stock price of the natural mating type is the most dominant factor affecting the feasibility of the feedlot industry. c). Several factors that influence the feedlot industry using the fattened beef cattle system include the age of cattle raiser, number of the raiser's family member, breeding stock, medicines, cattle feed, and labor cost. d). The production trend of fattened beef cattle during the last five years is increasing. e). The feedlot industry in the research area shows a high degree of feasibility, so that it is necessary for the government to improve the raisers' welfare by providing soft loan that will enable the raisers to develop their cattle raising. This is basically due to the fact that the existing cattle raising is self -financing (through commercial credit based). f) in order to maintain the stability of selling price of the beef cattle at the level of agricultural enterprise, it is suggested that the Local Government prohibit both legal and illegal import of beef. g). It is suggested that beef cattle raisers replace the feedlot industry of the natural mating type with the artificial insemination in view of its higher profit.

)* By: Hendri Widotono, S.Pt.,MP and drh. Didik Suhermanto, MP

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The Impact of National Rice Policy on Rice Sufficiency and the Welfare of Consumer and Paddy Farmer )*

This research was a study of attitude of rice supply and demand under specific rice policy. The aim of the research are: (a) knowing the impact of national rice policy on rice sufficiency in 2020; (b) knowing the impact of national rice policy on surplus of consumer in 2020; (c) knowing the impact of national rice policy on surplus of paddy farmer in 2020; and (d) making the best alternative national rice policy for rice sufficiency and the welfare of consumer and paddy farmer in 2020.

Research covered national scale, using secondary time series data between 1970 - 2004. Method of research was descriptive and analitic. Method of analysis is Two Stage Least Square (2-SLS) by using Statistical Analysis System (SAS ) program as a software.
Result of the research shows that in 2020, if there were no changes on rice policy, Indonesia will be: (a) turn to deficit of sufficiency 171,120 ton . Policy which could overcome the deficit of sufficiency are widening harvesting area at least 10% or increasing land productivity will at least 4,9 ton/ha. Price of rice and rough rice will decreasing in 2020, so it increase surplus of consumer Rp 8.410,001,230 but decrease surplus of paddy farmer is Rp 1,419,042,764.
Rice policy winch cause the worst impact to paddy farmer is wiping out floor price and tariff in the same time with increasing harvesting area, productivity and fertilizer price because the price of rice and rough rice will be fall deeply as a simultaneous impact of increasing domestic production and import.
The best alternative national rice policy for rice sufficiency and the welfare of consumer and paddy farmer is widening harvesting area 10% and increasing land productivity to 5 ton/ha, fertilizer price 10% , floor price 12 % and specific tariff 15%. The impact of this policy are: (a) surplus of sufficiency 1,368,681 ton, it is enough for reducing import dependency ratio; (b) increasing surplus of consumer Rp 412,053,296; and (c) decreasing surplus of paddy farmer Rp 56,883,216.

)*By: Ir.Henik Prayuginingsih, MP and Hendri Widotono, S.Pt.,MP

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